By Raymond Douglas Chong, AsAmNews Staff Writer with graphics from Rhiannon Koh
Freedom Rides
Six decades ago, in 1961, systemic segregation darkly dominated the Deep South of America.
Police officers, along with with the courts, brutally enforced the Jim Crow laws. These laws segregated and disenfranchised African Americans to preserve the racial order as an institution. The laws mandated segregation of schools, parks, libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and restaurants. The Ku Klux Klan, a White supremacist group, terrorized Africans and Jews, across the South.
The United States Supreme Court decided and Interstate Commerce Commission ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. The Southern states ignored the federal decisions and rulings. The federal government did not enforce them.
Midst the growing Civil Rights Movement, Freedom Riders were civil right activists, Africans and Whites, mostly students, who challenged the racial status quo. They rode Interstate buses in the South. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) sponsored the Freedom Rides. They were trained in nonviolence tactics.
From May 4 to December 10, 1961, the Freedom Riders rode over 60 Freedom Rides. They suffered ugly mob violence. White mobs assaulted them, while the police officers conspired with Ku Klux Klan. Americans were shocked by the vicious civil unrest on segregation in the Deep South.
Raymond Arsenault, Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice, wrote their history. He reported 436 Freedom Riders: 230 Americans, 204 Whites, 1 Asian, and 1 Asian American.
The Asian American Freedom Rider
As Jackson, Mississippi, Mary Magdalene Harrison was a student at Tougaloo College. Born in the Philippines, she was adopted and raised in an Asian American military family.
On June 23, 1961, Mary participated in the Freedom Ride at Trailways terminal at Jackson. At the waiting room, police officers arrested Mary, along with Elnora Price, Thomas Armstrong, and Joseph Ross.
In a 2011 interview, Mary remembered the her Freedom Ride: On the beginning of May, Freedom Riders left Washington headed for New Orleans and that was the beginning of the Freedom Riders. And many people ended up in Mississippi, in Jackson, Mississippi. And the politician and the well-to-do people were saying that the Freedom Riders were “outside agitators” and that the people in Mississippi were satisfied with the status quo and the Jim Crow law. So during June of 1961, I had just finished my junior year and decided to attend summer school, I had just finished my junior year at Tougaloo College. And during that summer, James Bevel of CORE came to Tougaloo recruiting Freedom Riders. Since everyone was calling these Freedom Riders “outside agitator” he was trying to get people to leave from Mississippi, that the, that the people in Mississippi were not satisfied with the laws of Mississippi. So one day I just saw a group—James Bevel was talking with a group—of students and I just happened to listen and sign my name as an alternate. June the 23, 1961 he asked me to go with the Freedom Riders—with the other Freedom Riders—because there was only one young lady going, and they needed another young lady to accompany her. So of course I volunteered and we went. And we went to the Trailway bus station, entered the White’s waiting room, and we were going to New Orleans. And we were asked to move on and to leave the waiting room. We didn’t comply and of course we were arrested, on breach of peace. We were put in a paddy wagon and went to the city jail. While there I did become afraid for the first time. Three or four men were questioning me of my race, asking me if I was White or Black and I insisted I was Black because the reason I was going on this Freedom Ride was so that the other young lady would have someone with her and if they separated us, then we would be alone and she would be alone, I would be alone. After two or three hours they finally put us in a cell with other criminals in the general population. The other criminals, or convicts, were very friendly to us and we got along well for three days. And we were in jail from Friday to Sunday. No privacy, everything was opened; you couldn’t even use the restroom in, in private. We had no luggage, so we had no toothpaste, toothbrush, or change in clothes. On Sunday the 25th, a group of Freedom Riders came in from California and they put all the Freedom Riders in the same cell and finally gave us our luggage. Monday, the following Monday, the next day, we had the trial and Jack Young represented us and we were, we posted bond and I returned to Tougaloo to finish summer school. And according to Raymond Arsenault book of the Freedom Riders, he said that we —our group — was the first one to test the interstate law of Mississippi by leaving from Mississippi, from Jackson, Mississippi. We were not outsiders, nor agitators, and he called us the “Tougaloo Four.”
Aftermath
On November 1, 1961, Interstate Commerce Commission ruled to prohibit segregation in interstate transit terminals. Passengers can sit anywhere on interstate buses and trains. Freedom Rides inspired rural southern Africans to use civil disobedience as a strategy for regaining their civil rights. Three years after the Freedom Rides, Congress enacted the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964. It outlawed segregation in public facilities across America.
For Mary Magdalene Harrison, she married Gene Lee. Mary pursued a career in education. She became principal at Boyd Elementary School in Jackson. Mary and Gene raised three children. Angelique C. Lee, daughter, serves on the Jackson City Council. Mary died on September 26, 2016, at age 77.
Fred Clark, a fellow Freedom Rider, recalled:. Mary was a very independent, energetic, congenial and exuberant person,” “She was well-liked by everyone on campus at Tougaloo, and although she preferred to work in the background, she worked hard on everything she did for the Civil Rights Movement and provided leadership, especially for her fellow women Freedom Riders after they were imprisoned. She was a fighter, and we’re all going to miss her.
Asian Americans will proudly remember Mary Magdalene Harrison as our Freedom Rider of 1961.
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Wonderful and inspiring piece!! Mary not only stood for justice but acted on her beliefs to make a difference for so many other people.